Presentation: Can facilitating natural social structures correct for unnatural and unwanted behaviours in bulls in an elephant population?

December 20, 2022

Abstract

Managing elephants (Loxodonta africana) requires understanding of the importance of their social dynamics. Most small to medium reserves in South Africa contain elephants from Kruger National Park (KNP) or other southern African countries. These founder populations represent disturbed populations where age and sex structures differ from the natal population. The founder population of Pilanesberg National Park were predominantly juvenile orphans from KNP culling operations. Consequences of this unbalanced population structure emerged in the form of very early onset of musth in bulls resulting in increased aggression and conflict between these bulls and other species, leading to the introduction of four more mature bulls. Studying the social dynamics of this population of elephants allows an understanding of the possible long-term effects of a disrupted population. Additionally, this study considers if strategic correctional interventions to improve social dynamics reduces unnatural/negative behaviours. Findings showed bulls were coming into musth earlier than expected and bulls were associating with herds at older ages than expected even though not in musth. Solitary non-musth bulls were found associating with herds more than solitary musth bulls. Unexpectedly, bulls between 20-40 years were observed with herds more than bulls older than 45. These results indicate likely consequences of an incomplete bull social structure which has compromised the bull hierarchy as there were very few bulls in the oldest age class. As no more interspecies aggression is occurring, it appears ‘intactness’ as well as proportions of age group represented in bull hierarchies are both contributing factors in ‘correcting’ behavioural abnormalities.

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